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Chiromancy Is the Art of Fortune Telling by Reading What?

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"Cheirology" redirects here. For manual alphabets, see Fingerspelling. For sign-language phonology, see Cherology.

Foretelling the hereafter through the written report of the palm

A fortune-teller conducting a palm reading, with lines and mounts marked out on the person's left palm

Palmistry, too known as palm reading, chiromancy, or chirology, is the do of fortune-telling through the report of the palm. The practice is found all over the globe, with numerous cultural variations. Those who practice chiromancy are generally chosen palmists, hand readers, hand analysts, or chirologists.

At that place are many and oft conflicting— interpretations of various lines and palmar features beyond diverse teachings of palmistry. Palmistry is practiced past the Hindu Brahmins, and is also indirectly referenced in the Book of Chore.[1] [two] The contradictions between different interpretations, every bit well as the lack of evidence for palmistry'southward predictions, have caused palmistry to exist viewed as a pseudoscience past academics.[three] [4]

History [edit]

Ancient palmistry [edit]

Palmistry is a exercise mutual to many different places on the Eurasian landmass;[5] it has been practised in the cultures of India, Nepal, Tibet, Prc, Persia, Sumeria, Canaan and Babylonia.

The acupuncturist Yoshiaki Omura describes its roots in Hindu astrology (known in Sanskrit equally jyotish), Chinese Yijing (I Ching), and Roma fortune tellers.[6] Several thousand years ago, the Hindu sage Valmiki is idea[seven] [ ameliorate source needed ] to have written a volume comprising 567 stanzas, the title of which translates in English as The Teachings of Valmiki Maharshi on Male Palmistry.[7] [8] From India, the fine art of palmistry spread to Red china, Tibet, Arab republic of egypt, Persia and to other countries in Europe.[six] [9]

Palmistry likewise progressed independently in Greece where Anaxagoras proficient it.[6] Aristotle (384–322 B.C.Due east.) reportedly discovered a treatise on the subject area of palmistry on an altar of Hermes, which he then presented to Alexander the Bang-up (356–323 B.C.Eastward.), who took dandy interest in examining the graphic symbol of his officers past analyzing the lines on their hands.[ten] [eleven] A chapter of a 17th-century sex manual, misattributed to Aristotle, is occasionally incorrectly cited as being the treatise in question. The text it is not contained in his approved works.

Palmistry is indirectly referenced in the Book of Task,[1] [2] which is dated past scholars to between the 7th and 4th centuries BCE.[12]

In Renaissance magic, palmistry (known as "chiromancy") was classified as 1 of the 7 "forbidden arts", forth with necromancy, geomancy, aeromancy, pyromancy, hydromancy, and spatulamancy (scapulimancy).[thirteen] During the 16th century the fine art of palmistry was actively suppressed by the Cosmic Church. Both Pope Paul IV and Pope Sixtus V issued papal edicts against various forms of divination, including palmistry.[14]

Modern palmistry [edit]

Cheiro, an influential exponent of palmistry in the tardily 19th and early on 20th centuries

Palmistry experienced a revival in the modernistic era starting with Captain Casimir Stanislas D'Arpentigny'due south publication La Chirognomie in 1839.[9]

The Chirological Lodge of Bang-up Britain was founded in London by Katharine St. Hill in 1889 with the stated aim to advance and systematise the art of palmistry and to prevent charlatans from abusing the art.[15] [16] Edgar de Valcourt-Vermont (Comte C. de Saint-Germain) founded the American Chirological Society in 1897.

A pivotal effigy in the modern palmistry move was the Irish William John Warner, known by his sobriquet, Cheiro. After studying under gurus in Bharat, he ready a palmistry practice in London and enjoyed a wide post-obit of famous clients from around the world, including famous celebrities like Marking Twain, Due west. T. Stead, Sarah Bernhardt, Mata Hari, Oscar Wilde, Grover Cleveland, Thomas Edison, the Prince of Wales, General Kitchener, William Ewart Gladstone, and Joseph Chamberlain. And then pop was Cheiro as a "lodge palmist" that even those who were non believers in the occult had their hands read by him. The skeptical Mark Twain wrote in Cheiro's visitor's book that he had "exposed my graphic symbol to me with humiliating accuracy".

Edward Heron-Allen, an English polymath, published diverse works including the 1883 book, Palmistry – A Manual of Cheirosophy, which is still in print.[9] [17] There were attempts at formulating some sort of scientific basis for the art, well-nigh notably in the 1900 publication The Laws of Scientific Manus Reading by William Gurney Benham.[18]

In 1970, Parker Brothers published a game designed by Maxine Lucille Fiel chosen "Touch-Game of Palmistry" which allowed players have "palm reading and assay" through selecting cards that matched designated palm features.[nineteen]

Some of the lines of the hand in palmistry:

  1. Life line
  2. Caput line
  3. Heart line
  4. Girdle of Venus
  5. Dominicus line
  6. Mercury line
  7. Fate line

The mounts in palmistry: Jupiter, Saturn, Apollo, Mercury, Mars positive, Mars negative, obviously of Mars, Luna mount, Neptune mount, Venus mountain [twenty]

Criticism [edit]

Criticism of palmistry often rests with the lack of empirical evidence supporting its efficacy. Scientific literature typically regards palmistry as a pseudoscientific or superstitious conventionalities.[21] Psychologist and noted skeptic Ray Hyman has written:[22]

I started reading palms in my teens every bit a way to supplement my income from doing magic and mental shows. When I started I did not believe in palmistry. But I knew that to "sell" it I had to act equally if I did. After a few years I became a firm believer in palmistry. One day the late Stanley Jaks, who was a professional person mentalist and a human being I respected, tactfully suggested that it would make an interesting experiment if I deliberately gave readings contrary to what the lines indicated. I tried this out with a few clients. To my surprise and horror my readings were just as successful as always. Ever since then I have been interested in the powerful forces that convince us, reader and client alike, that something is so when it really isn't.

Skeptics often include palmists on lists of alleged psychics who practice cold reading. Cold reading is the practise that allows readers of all kinds, including palmists, to appear psychic by using high-probability guessing and inferring details based on signals or cues from the other person.[23] [24]

Although some Christians condemn palmistry every bit a form of divination, Jewish and Christian traditions are largely ambivalent nearly divination in full general.[25] While some specific practices such as necromancy and astrology are condemned by biblical authors, other practices such as dream interpretation, casting of lots, and the utilise of Urim and Thummim are non.[26] [27] During the 16th century the Catholic Church condemned the practice of palmistry.[14] Nevertheless, at that place is a long tradition of practicing palmistry within both Jewish and Christian mysticism,[28] and some practitioners, such as Comte C. de Saint-Germain, have argued that the Bible does not oppose information technology.[29]

Withal, Islam strongly condemns divination in all forms and considers palmistry haram (forbidden).[30] The Quran states that "You lot are not forbidden to seek cognition of your fate by divining arrows" (Surah Al-Ma'idah v:3).[31] Those that do such divination are explicitly called "angels" (Sahih Al-Bukhari Hadith 8.232).[32]

See also [edit]

  • List of topics characterized equally pseudoscience
  • Alectryomancy
  • Chironomia
  • Digit ratio
  • Guidonian hand
  • Phrenology
  • Reflexology
  • Unmarried transverse palmar crease
  • Tarot

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b Task 37:7
  2. ^ a b Harwood, William (2011). Dictionary of Contemporary Mythology (third ed.). Oklahoma Metropolis: Earth Audience. p. 263. ISBN978-1544601403.
  3. ^ Park, Michael Alan (1986). "Palmistry or HandJive?". In Frazier, Kendrick (ed.). Scientific discipline Confronts the Paranormal. Prometheus. pp. 198–201. ISBN978-1-61592-619-0.
  4. ^ Chamorro-Premuzic, Tomas; Furnham, Adrian (2010). The Psychology of Personnel Selection. Cambridge University Press. p. 19. ISBN978-0-521-86829-7. A more than pop pseudoscience is chiromancy (or palmistry), the art of characterisation and foretelling the future through the study of the palm.
  5. ^ Dwivedi 1970, pp. 16–twenty
  6. ^ a b c Omura 2003, pp. 172–174 According to this theory, palmistry developed in Bharat and then extended across the world.
  7. ^ a b Dwivedi 1970, pp. 25–26
  8. ^ Sharma 1995, p. 95
  9. ^ a b c Chinn 2000, p. 24: "It was non until the mid- to late nineteenth century that palmreading took off in Great britain, France and the United states thanks to three major figures: Casimir Stanislas d'Arpentigny, Edward Heron-Allen and Cheiro."
  10. ^ James, Brandon. "PALMISTRY". Archived from the original on 17 Dec 2008.
  11. ^ Benham, William George (1900). The Laws of Scientific Paw Reading: A Practical Treatise on the Art Commonly Called Palmistry. Putnam.
  12. ^ Kugler, Robert; Hartin, Patrick J. (2009). An Introduction to the Bible. Eerdmans. p. 193. ISBN978-0-8028-4636-5.
  13. ^ Johannes Hartlieb (Munich, 1456) The Book of All Forbidden Arts; quoted in Láng, p. 124.
  14. ^ a b Byrne, Laura (8 Oct 2013). "Palm Reading". 1000 Things. Regal Academy of Fine Art in The Hague. Retrieved ten Nov 2020.
  15. ^ "The London Cheirological Guild".
  16. ^ Guiley, Rosemary (2006). The Encyclopedia of Magic and Alchemy. New York: Facts On File. pp. 240–241. ISBN1438130007.
  17. ^ Heron-Allen 2008
  18. ^ "Palmistry: Origins & History" (PDF).
  19. ^ "Maxine L. Fiel obituary". Post Star. Glens Falls, New York. 28 April 2020. Archived from the original on 22 November 2020.
  20. ^ Sara Sirolli (2008). "Palmistry diagram of mitt".
  21. ^ Preece, P. F.; Baxter, J. H. (2000). "Scepticism and gullibility: The superstitious and pseudo-scientific beliefs of secondary school students". International Periodical of Scientific discipline Teaching. 22 (11): 1147–1156. Bibcode:2000IJSEd..22.1147P. doi:10.1080/09500690050166724. S2CID 143202676.
  22. ^ Hyman, Ray (1976–77). "Cold Reading: How to Convince Strangers That You Know All almost Them". Zetetic. ane (2): 18–37.
  23. ^ Vernon, David (1989). Donald Laycock; David Vernon; Colin Groves; Simon Brown (eds.). Skeptical – A Handbook of Pseudoscience and the Paranormal. Canberra: Imagecraft. p. 44. ISBN0-7316-5794-2.
  24. ^ Steiner, Bob. (2002). Cold Reading. In Michael Shermer. The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience. ABC-CLIO. pp. 63–66. ISBN one-57607-654-7
  25. ^ Jones, Lindsay, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of Religion (2d ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. p. 2373. ISBN9780028657332.
  26. ^ Reddie, Anthony K., ed. (2016). Black Theology, Slavery and Gimmicky Christianity: 200 Years and No Apology. London: Routledge. p. 206. ISBN9781317173830.
  27. ^ Dennis, Geoffrey W. (2016). The Encyclopedia of Jewish Myth, Magic & Mysticism (2d ed.). Woodbury, Minnesota: Llewellyn Publications. pp. 109–110. ISBN9780738745916.
  28. ^ Roth, Cecil, ed. (1972). Encyclopaedia Judaica. New York: Macmillan. pp. 478–480.
  29. ^ Saint-Germain, Comte C. de (1935). Applied Palmistry: Mitt Reading Simplified (New illustrated ed.). Chicago: Albert Whitman. pp. eighteen–19.
  30. ^ "Palmistry in Islam". Islamweb - Fatwas.
  31. ^ "Surah Al-Ma'idah 5:1-5". Towards Understanding the Quran - Quran Translation Commentary - Tafheem ul Quran.
  32. ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, eight:one:232

Farther reading [edit]

  • Magda van Dijk-Rijneke Universal Manus Analysis, 2017 Elmar Publishers ISBN 9789038925912
  • Chauran, Alexandra (2013). Palmistry Every Day. Llewellyn Worldwide. ISBN978-0-7387-3494-1.
  • Saint-Germain, Comte C. de. Practical Palmistry. Laird & Lee Publishers; Chicago, 1897.
  • Heron-Allen, Edward (2008). Palmistry - A Manual of Cheirosophy (reprint ed.). Baltzell Press. ISBN978-1-4437-6535-0.
  • Chinn, Sarah E. (2000). Engineering science and the logic of American racism . Continuum. ISBN978-0-8264-4750-0.
  • Omura, Yoshiaki (2003). Acupuncture Medicine: Its Historical and Clinical Background. Dover Publications Inc. ISBN978-0-486-42850-5.
  • Cheiro (1916). Palmistry for All at Project Gutenberg
  • Sharma, Hari Dutta (1995). The A-Z of Palmistry. New Delhi, Republic of india: Sterling Publishers Pvt.Ltd. ISBN978-81-207-1661-two.
  • Dwivedi, Bhorai (1970). Wonders of Palmistry. New Delhi: Diamond Pocket Books. ISBN978-81-284-0099-5.

External links [edit]

  • Palmistry - Skeptic'due south Lexicon.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmistry

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